What is a Fluorene (C₁₃H₁₀)?

Fluorene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon with the molecular formula C₁₃H₁₀. It features a unique tricyclic structure consisting of two benzene rings connected via a five-membered ring. Typically obtained as a by-product of coal tar processing, fluorene appears as white or colorless crystalline solids and is widely used in organic synthesis, optical materials, and electronics. Fluorene is known for its rigid structure and strong fluorescence. It emits blue-white fluorescence under ultraviolet light, making it suitable for use in fluorescent materials, OLEDs, and organic semiconductors. Due to its high chemical stability, it also serves as a monomer in the production of high-performance polymers such as polyfluorene.

In organic chemistry, fluorene derivatives are widely synthesized and used as intermediates in pharmaceuticals, dyes, and optical materials. The carbon at the 9-position (in the central five-membered ring) is particularly reactive, allowing for diverse substitution reactions. Although fluorene is considered to have low toxicity, prolonged exposure or high concentrations may cause irritation to the skin and respiratory tract. It is persistent in the environment and may pose a risk of bioaccumulation, so proper handling and disposal are essential.

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