What is a Fumaric Acid (C₄H₄O₄)?

Fumaric acid is a dicarboxylic acid with the formula C₄H₄O₄, characterized by a trans configuration of its double bond. Naturally occurring in many plants and as an intermediate in the citric acid cycle (TCA cycle) in humans, it plays a key role in cellular energy production. It appears as a white crystalline powder and is only slightly soluble in cold water but more soluble when heated. In the food industry, it is used as an additive (E297) to adjust acidity and improve flavor in drinks, candies, and processed foods. Its acidulant properties also help in preservation. Fumaric acid is also important industrially, serving as a raw material in the production of resins, unsaturated polyester resins, paints, dyes, and paper.

In pharmaceuticals, derivatives such as dimethyl fumarate are used to treat multiple sclerosis. Fumaric acid is generally considered safe, with low toxicity when ingested. However, contact with the skin or mucous membranes may cause irritation, and long-term or excessive use should be avoided.

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